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Gyokusai (Honorable
Defeat) or Gyakusatsu
(Massacre): Japanese accounts of the
Battle of Manila
by
Ricardo Trota Jose*
Department of History
University of
the Philippines
Few Japanese are aware of the horrors of that occurred during the 1945
Battle of Manila. This is partly because little has been written about it
in the mainstream Japanese media, and that which has been written is
circumspect, evades the severity of the experience, or buries
it in an antiseptic, detached military point of view without confronting
the issues of the civilian deaths, either as the result of a deliberate
massacre or as the victims of the crossfire.
The document is presented here in four parts.
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I
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INTRODUCTION
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Gyokusai
(Honorable Defeat)
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Gyakusatsu
(Massacre)
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Postwar
Statements and Reports
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Documents
Taken on the Field of Battle
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II
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Excerpts from documents cited above |
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Excerpts from Japanese
Monograph 114 - Philippine Area Naval Operations Part IV
January-August 1945 |
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First Phase of the
Battle of Manila – to 10 February
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Battle of
Manila, Second Phase (After 11 February)
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III
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Excerpts from the Statement of Lt. Commander Koichi Kayashima
(operations staff officer, Manila Naval Defense Force), 10
December 1949 |
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IV
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DOCUMENTS AND ORDERS
CAPTURED IN THE FIELD
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ORDERS
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Directions concerning
Combat by Shimbu Group in Manila and vicinity |
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Noguchi Force Combat
Regulations 23 January 1945.
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Manila Naval Defense Force
Operations Order No. 43, 3 February 1945 |
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Manila Naval Defense
Force Operations Order No. 44, 3 February 1945
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Manila Naval Defense Force Operations Order No 46, 4 February 1945 |
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Kobayashi Group Order, 13 February 1945 |
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149th Airfield Battalion Operation Order Concerning the Attack in
the Marikina Area |
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Manila Naval Defense Force Central Force Operations Order No. 4,
15 February 1945 |
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Manila Naval Defense Force, Battalion Order 1200, [undated, but
after February 15] |
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DIARIES |
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Diary – Unidintified Japanese Naval
Person, Manila |
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Diary by Probationary Officer Baba
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Diary of member 9th Shipping Engineer Regiment, Japanese Army
[Intramuros] |
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From the Diary of Lt Hoichiro Miyazawa, Japanese Navy |
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*
This article is copyright the author, and
is used by the Corregidor Historic Society
by permission.
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